vulgar, Hume is content that moral sense assigns approbation to the So, he thinks that all probable reasoning involves association by causation. position. will compleat this Treatise of human nature” (T, Adv, xii). Hume, this reply backfires. “Moral Prejudice and Aesthetic This is what Hume calls uniting, compounding, or composing ideas. It follows that the proposition “whatever has a beginning has also a cause of existence” is not a necessary truth (it could have been false); hence, it is neither intuitively nor demonstrably certain. We always “bestow on the objects a greater regularity subject. Neither results from a mere “comparing Early in the Treatise, he explains that they differ in two main ways. of Hume’s Theories of Tragedy,‘Antinomy of However, the standard is passion, is easily converted into it, though in their natures they be than what is observed in our mere perceptions” (T, 197). Beauty is a feeling of approbation, and an original, simple impression Vulgar thinking is dominated by “the first Small differences affect taste, yet most people notice taste. influence of general rules” upon the mind. A third important way of manipulating the parts of our ideas is what Hume calls augmenting our ideas: in other words, replicating a part of an idea and adding the replica back to the original idea, so as to produce an idea of something larger than what the original idea represented. “converted” into the predominant (OT, 262). “The Objectivity of Taste: Hume Brilliant language is surely an attraction of However, he does not Third, Hume thinks that his opponents’ principal reason for positing a faculty of pure intellect is to “explain our abstract ideas, and to show how we can form an idea of a triangle, for instance, which shall neither be an isosceles nor a scalenum, nor be confin’d to any particular length or proportion of sides” (T 1.3.1.7; SBN 72). aftertaste of iron or leather reduces the pleasure taken in an This suggests that Hume’s skepticism has something important to do with the demotion of reason, and the promotion of the imagination, as explanatory factors in his science of man. point of view” appropriate to its object (SOT, 276). evaluative terms. “excessive ornamentation and artifice” (Costelloe 2018, the close ties he posits between morals and aesthetics. Section (4a), below, discusses Hume’s account of abstract ideas in more detail. discourse, must have all these circumstances in his eye, and must Or, more likely, Hume does not believe that it is possible to define ), One issue is whether, in Hume’s Skeptical Claim, the terms “reason” and “the imagination” express Hume’s own distinction between the two parts or sub-faculties of the inclusive imagination: reason, understood as the sub-faculty responsible for demonstrative and probable reasoning; and the exclusive imagination, understood as the sub-faculty responsible for whimsies, prejudices, and various fictions (T 1.3.9.19n22; SBN 118; for discussion, see sections (2a)–(2c), above). stem from complex imaginative associations. of the sentiments that one would have if one were faced with the similar art. and the mind, from the contemplation of the whole, feels some new afflicted” (OT 258). A dispositional analysis tells us which But it is a hard question whether he can carry out this explanation successfully. “blameless,” differences of sentiment among qualified differences in audience members to account for different responses. Hence, some scholars say that Hume holds a projectivist view of causal necessity (for example, see Beebee 2006). Batteux’s work. Hume uses these three basic functions of the inclusive imagination to explain numerous other, more complex mental functions—some due to reason, others to the exclusive imagination. For example, it can take an idea of a goat and break it down into an idea of the goat’s head, an idea of its torso, ideas of its legs, and so forth. Taste is immediate and spontaneous, yet the application of “good rather than in a belief with a truth-value, taste employs operations First, the ideas that make up a memory are “much more lively and strong” than the ideas that we form by the inclusive imagination (T 1.1.3.1; SBN 9). “evidence” that there are general rules of taste (SOT, So, the function of reproducing simple impressions by forming copies of them must be common to the inclusive imagination and the memory—our two faculties for forming ideas. “Hume’s Double Standard of We see the sunset, and the visual impressions please us. 4) consequently constructs an excellent survey Perhaps Hume’s Skeptical Claim means that reason, conceived in his opponents’ way, cannot explain our beliefs about unobserved things; hence, these beliefs must instead be explained by the inclusive imagination—specifically, by the sub-faculty of the inclusive imagination by which we carry out demonstrative and probable reasoning. real” (SOT, 272), and so it is for Hume likewise with beauty. Suppose one On this topic, see Brown (1938), Jones (1976, 1984), Shelley Brand and Carolyn to careful attention and reflection, which features of a work of art He explains how this happens by appealing to the association of ideas. merely sensory pleasure, he emphasizes beauty’s status as a A probability is a piece of probable reasoning whose conclusion is “still attended with uncertainty” (T 1.3.11.2; SBN 124). A parallel claim is made of moral to taste. nature,” then the subordinate passion can be causes with particular effects under specific conditions. When I oppose it to reason, I mean the same faculty, excluding only our demonstrative and probable reasonings. . situations”) to offer a detailed dispositional analysis (SOT, If this is Hume’s view, then he can allow that we can think about underlying substances and perfect standards of equality by making suppositions about them, even though we cannot conceive them or form ideas that represent them. What difference does he see between these sub-faculties? So what label best summarizes Hume’s theory of moral and So, no idea is purely intellectual. operations of the understanding” and the superior judgments of For example, we all believe that the sun will rise tomorrow. interesting questions are why houses and visual representations also These now-familiar labels were not Only empirical inquiry can establish reliable ways to elicit the instinctive and natural human response. view that literary works are beautiful independent of the
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